Evaluasi Farmakologi Menggunakan Model Uji In vitro, In vivo, dan Ex vivo

Abstract

Modern pharmacology increasingly adopts an integrative approach to drug evaluation, examining not only dose-response relationships but also biological dynamics and interactions with molecular targets. This review assesses the strengths and weaknesses of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models used in pharmacological testing. A systematic literature search was performed using PMC, NCBI, Google Scholar, and Elsevier databases, focusing on publications from 2020 to 2025. Out of 15 identified articles, 11 original studies met the inclusion criteria, while reviews, case reports, and studies lacking clear methodology were excluded.

Findings show that in vitro models offer high efficiency, precise variable control, and insight into molecular mechanisms but lack the complexity of whole-organism physiology. Ex vivo models better preserve tissue structure and function, enhancing translational relevance, though limited tissue availability and short viability pose challenges. In contrast, in vivo models provide the most comprehensive data on systemic effects, pharmacokinetics, and safety but face ethical constraints and higher costs. No single model is sufficient alone; combining all three approaches improves the predictive accuracy of preclinical studies and supports successful clinical applications.