Optimization of ginger (zingiber officinale) oleoresin extraction using palm oil as a green solvent through response surface methodology

Warsinah; Lulu Setiyabudi; Triyadi Hendra Wijaya; Faishal Hendriansyah Adhi Nugroho

Authors

Warsinah Universitas Jenderal Soedirman
Lulu Setiyabudi
Triyadi Hendra Wijaya
Faishal Hendriansyah Adhi Nugroho

Keywords:

ginger, oleoresin, ultrasound-assisted extraction, palm oil, green solvent, response surface methodology

Abstract

Ginger oleoresin is a concentrated natural product containing volatile and non-volatile constituents, including gingerols and shogaols, and is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and related applications. Conventional extraction often relies on organic solvents, which may raise safety and environmental concerns. This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of ginger oleoresin using palm oil as a vegetable-oil-based green solvent. A Central Composite Design (CCD) within Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of the solvent-to-sample ratio and extraction time. The investigated solvent-to-sample ratios ranged from 1:3 to 1:5.414 g/mL, while extraction times ranged from 17.574 to 102.426 min. Extraction yield and free fatty acid (FFA) content were used as response variables. The experimental data were evaluated using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination (R²), adjusted R², and response-surface analysis. The RSM models were significant for extraction yield (p = 0.0030) and FFA content (p = 0.04848). Increasing the solvent-to-sample ratio and extraction time tended to increase the measured extraction yield, whereas increasing the solvent-to-sample ratio tended to decrease the FFA content. The predicted optimum was a solvent-to-sample ratio of 1:4.774 g/mL and an extraction time of 89.211 min, yielding a predicted extraction-fraction yield of 176.807% and an FFA content of 0.252%. RSM identified an operating region that simultaneously addressed the extraction yield and FFA responses. However, the yield above 100% indicates that the measured fraction contained residual palm oil and, therefore, should not be interpreted as the yield of pure ginger oleoresin. Further separation and experimental validation are required before the optimum can be regarded as a quantitative optimum for pure oleoresin recovery.

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