The impact of antibiotic usage on normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract

Eva Dania Kosasih

Authors

Eva Dania Kosasih

Keywords:

antimicrobial, normal flora, gastrointestinal

Abstract

Antibiotics are agents that help to handle infection in humans. The impact of using broad-spectrum antibiotics and uncontrollable is resistance. Besides resistance, the use of antibiotics also disturbs normal flora in the human body. The impact of normal flora disruption is diarrhea, constipation, and even cancer on the gastrointestinal. The gastrointestinal normal flora alteration can happen even antibiotic was given from another route as intravenous. This research aimed to get information about the impact of using antibiotics on gastrointestinal normal flora. This research is qualitative research with a narrative review approach. From 64 journals 5 journals appropriate with criteria. The data obtained was analyzed with a narrative description. This result suggests that there is a relationship between using antibiotics to gastrointestinal normal flora. The impact of using antibiotics can be profitable or damaging. Profitable impacts include antibiotics in cognitive function, but damage impacts emerge in Candida albicans growth and S.aureus and E.coli that are high in gastrointestinal so that can disturb gastrointestinal normal flora.

References

Alam, S.N., Yammine, H., Moaven, O., Ahmed, R., Moss, K.A., Biswas, B., Muhammad, N., Biswas, R., Raychowdhury, A., Kaliannan, K., Ghosh, S., Ray, M., Hamarneh, S., Barua, S., Malo, N.s., Bhan, A.K., Malo, M.S., dan Hdin R.A., 2014, Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Prevents Antibiotic-Induced Susceptibility to Enteric Pathogens, NIH Public Access, 259(4):715-722.

Angelucci, F., Cechova, K., Amlerova, J., dan Hort, J., 2019, Antibiotics, Gut Microbiota, And Alzhemer’s Disease, Journal of Neuroinflamation, 16(108):1-10.

Brooks, Geo F., Janet S.B, Stephen A.M. (2008). Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg (Eds. 23). Alih bahasa oleh: Huriawati Hartanto et al. Jakarta: EGC.

Dinkes, R.I., 2010. Permenkes RI Tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Minum.

Jandhyala, S.M., Talukdar, R., Subramnyam, C., Vuyyuru, H., Sasikala, M., dan Reddy, D.N., 2015, Role of The Normal Gut Microbiota, World Journal if Gastroenterology, 7(21):8787-8803.

Jawetz, M., 2010. Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll,

Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse, Timothy A. Mietzner.

Kesehatan, D., 2011. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2406/Menkes/Per/XII/2011 tentang Pedoman Umum Penggunaan Antibiotik. Jakarta, Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

Konain, K., Nadeem, T., Khan, A., Iqbal, W., Javed, A., Khan, R., Jamil, K. and Qazi10, S., 2018. Importance of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Tract. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 8(3), pp.128-143.

Kusumo, P.D. and Indonesia, F.K.U.K., 2012. Kolonisasi mikrobiota normal dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan sistem imunitas neonatal. Jurnal Kedokteran FKUK, 29(320), pp.55-63.

Krueger, W.A., Ruckdeschel, G., dan Unerti, K., 1997, Influence of Intravenously Administered Ciprofloxacin on Aerobic Intestinal Microflora and Fecal Drug Levels When Administered Simultaneously with Sucralfate, Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 41(8):1725-1730.

Lessnau, K.D., Cunha, B.A. and Dua, P., 2012. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

Medscape Reference. WebMD LLC. http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/226748- overview.

Mairy C Noverr, Gery B Huffnagie. Does the microbiota regulateimmune responses outside the gut. Trends in microbiology.USA. 2004.

Möhle, L., Mattei, D., Heimesaat, M.M., Matzinger, P., Dunay, I.R., dan Wolf, S.A., 2016, Ly6Chi Monocytes Provide a Link between Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Cell Reports, 15:1945-1956.

Normaliska, R., Sudarwanto, M.B. and Latif, H., 2019. Pola Resistensi Antibiotik pada Escherichia coli Penghasil ESBL dari Sampel Lingkungan di RPH-R Kota Bogor. Acta VETERINARIA Indonesiana, 7(2), pp.42-48.

Novard, M.F.A., Suharti, N. and Rasyid, R., 2019. Gambaran Bakteri Penyebab Infeksi Pada Anak Berdasarkan Jenis Spesimen dan Pola Resistensinya di Laboratorium RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang Tahun 2014-2016. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 8, pp.26-32.

Pulungan, S., 2010, Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan tentang Antibiotika dan Penggunaannya di Kalangan Mahasiswa Non Medis. Skripsi. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.

Rukmini, R., Siahaan, S. and Sari, I.D., 2019. Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Program Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba (PPRA). Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 22(2), pp.106-116.

Setiawan, E., Wibowo, Y.I., Setiadi, A.A.P., Nurpatria, Y.A., Sosilya, H., Wardhani, D.K., Costa, M.O., Abdul-Aziz, M.H. and Roberts, J., 2019. Implementasi Antimicrobial Stewardship Program di Kawasan Asia: Sebuah Kajian Sistematis. Jurnal Farmasi Klinik Indonesia, 8(2), pp.141-156.

Sun, L., Xie, C., Wang, G., Wu, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, X., Liu, J., Deng, Y., Xia, J., Chen, B., Zang, S., Yun, C., Lian, G., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Bisson, W.H., Shi, J., Gao, X., Ge, P., Liu, C., Krausz, K.W., Nichols, R.G., Cai, J., Rimal, B., Patterson, A.D., Wang, X., Gonzales, F.J., dam Jiang, C., 2018, Gut Microbiota And Intestinal FXR Mediate The Clinical Benefits Of Metformin, Nature Medicine, 24(12):1919-1929.

Tansho, S., Abes, S., Ishibashi, H., Mitsuya, M., Wada, K., Ikeda, T., Suegara, N., Koshio, O., Ono, Y., dan Yamaguchi, H., 2004, Production Of Anti-Candida Antibodies In Mice With Gut Colonization Of Candida Albicans, Mediators of Inflamation, 13(3):189-193.

Todar, K., 2012. Bacterial endotoxin. Todar’s online textbook of bacteriology. http://textbookofbacteriology. net/endotoxin. html.

Vemuri, R., Gundamaraju, R., Shastri, M.D., Shukla, S.D., Kalpurath, K., Ball, M., Tristram, S., Shankar, E.M., Ahuju, K., dan Eri, R., 2018, Gut Microbial Changes, Interactions, and Their Implications on Human Lifecycle: An Ageing Perspective.

Wahyuningsih, R., Darmono, S.S. and Margawati, A., 2014. Pengaruh pemberian probiotik Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell-52 dan Lactobacillus rhamnosus Rosell-11 terhadap kadar limfosit lanjut usia. Jurnal Gizi Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal of Nutrition), 3(1), pp.13-19.